What defines the focus of Theory X according to McGregor?

Theory X, as proposed by Douglas McGregor, is characterized by a viewpoint that assumes employees are inherently lazy, lack ambition, and prefer to avoid responsibility. This theory posits that individuals must be closely supervised and controlled to ensure that they comply with organizational directives and fulfill their roles effectively.

In this context, the focus on avoiding responsibility is central, as it reflects the belief that workers are motivated primarily by extrinsic factors such as rewards and punishments rather than intrinsic motivation. This approach leads management to adopt authoritarian styles to manage and motivate employees, reinforcing the notion that they will only work earnestly under direct oversight or coercion.

The other options align more with Theory Y, which suggests that employees are self-motivated, seek responsibility, and thrive in collaborative and innovative environments. Thus, the focus on avoiding responsibility accurately encapsulates the essence of Theory X, highlighting the contrasting assumptions about employee motivation and behavior.