What is the legal term for an intentional or reckless false statement of a material fact?

The legal term that describes an intentional or reckless false statement of a material fact is fraud. In legal contexts, fraud involves not only the misstatement of facts but also the intention behind it—specifically, that the person making the statement knows it to be false or acts with reckless disregard for its truth. This element of intent is what elevates it to fraud, distinguishing it from mere misrepresentation, which may not necessarily include deceit or intent to harm.

Fraud can lead to legal consequences, including civil claims for damages, because it undermines trust and is designed to deceive the victim for personal gain. Essentially, fraud requires that the false statement have induced someone to act, resulting in harm or loss, emphasizing both the intentional nature of the act and its material impact.