Which defense mechanism involves transforming an unacceptable urge into socially acceptable behavior?

Sublimation is the defense mechanism that involves transforming an unacceptable urge into socially acceptable behavior. This process allows individuals to channel their potentially harmful or socially unacceptable impulses into constructive activities. For example, someone with aggressive tendencies might take up a sport or engage in competitive activities where they can express that aggression in a way that is accepted and valued by society. This not only helps the individual manage their inner conflicts but also allows for personal growth and societal contribution, making it a healthy outlet for these urges.

The other options represent different psychological processes. Regression refers to reverting to behaviors typical of an earlier stage of development when faced with stress. Substitution implies replacing a goal or object with a more acceptable one, but it does not necessarily involve transforming an urge into socially acceptable behavior in the way sublimation does. Displacement involves redirecting emotions from a subject that is perceived as threatening to a safer target, rather than changing the nature of the behavior or urge itself. Each of these mechanisms serves different functions in emotional regulation, but only sublimation successfully translates unacceptable urges into activities valued by society.